So if Temple makes 10g/year, the City needs to make 12. Temples = control growth. Tribal Hold. If you give a temple to someone else, that person will be a baron just like if were a castle you gave them. It's an absolute treasure if you think about it. Several of his strategies are still eminently breakable in-game, while others are since fixed. Temples = control growth. That temple has the same tax of 1 gold and levy of. but levies are pretty useless once you get big enough (to be able to afford building new holdings). A fully upgraded castle a highest obligations and scutage gives you 0,975 gold. It can be a pretty slow process, but somewhat effective if you have a good spymaster and want to focus on one specific vassal. ; About CK3 Wiki; Mobile viewYou can press the parse button to make sure it's working okay first, it will have a yellow exclamation you can point to that will tell you "Makes Vaticano a Castle Holding". Report. CK3 Building and Holding Guide. If I have no interest in supporting my given religious leader why must I be force to waste money on a temple holding every time I capture a county in order to improve anything else? EDIT: After searching. Towns should pretty much be the end result of any holding not some inherently diffrent thing. MegalithHowever, Clan government (Muslims) can get up to 25% tax, 60% levies from castle (and lay clergy temple) vassals if they have 100 opinion with them, as Clan vassals scale taxes/levies with opinion. Your capital is the seat at which your character rules from. Change <type="church_holding"> to <type="castle_holding"> and <type="temple_01"> to <type="castle_01"> or if you want to change it to a city it would be <type="city_holding">. 5 - 114 years. Fervent Temple Builders and Religious Patronage are a great way to get an absolute ton of prestige/piety/renown from building and upgrading temples. info. The year is 881 AD and all necessary researches (for the different holdings or upgrades) are done. This mod adds genes which were previously hidden to the Ruler Designer. In my opinion ideal formula is 1. maybe you can switch it from the city to a barony. For a coastal city, this. You can rule by fear, but still can't declare unjust wars. Hover your cursor over it and you'll notice that it's the Move Realm Capital Here button. If you convert a temple holding you may have to wait until your realm priest relinquishes the holding automatically; Despite what the Select Holding window may tell you, you can in fact select a county. If you are unsure of the name of the title for the barony, check the " (CK3Directory)gamehistoryprovinces" directory for help. to change index in my mod you should edit my mod's file commoncharacter_interaction_categoriespcm_character_interaction_categories. Faster County Development More Gold. Kinpire Jul 7, 2015 @ 4:53pm. Damn, must've missed it. Nevermind, the leaders were all tribal but the counties weren‘t tribal. 01 Monthly Renown per Castle Holding +0. Llyagushen Oct 14, 2016 @ 10:18am. Upgrading a feudal/clan holding to level 2 requires 550 gold. Your ruler now has a new place from where to lead his realm in CK3. Mar 8, 2017 7 8. 61 comments. U can change "city_02" to "castle_02" and it will change to castle holding. each time you raid it, there is a chance buildings get destroyed. I am already Fuedal. Military buildings can be constructed in all castle, city and temple holdings as long as the barony has the required terrain. How to manage holdings efficiently and more read Guide on Holdings The base of the economy in Crusader Kings II are holdings - great medieval castles, temples, trade posts and medieval cities. you can click any building and Press the Replace. Anyway, I had another county with a city, a temple and a tribal holding and still couldn't upgrade with the same reason. Upgrading a feudal/clan holding to level 3 requires 700 gold. There are two variants of Investiture; free. Crusader Kings 3 will let you rule with an iron fist, Fåhreus says. MetztliThis means a temple will effectively give you much more gold than a city (and also a lot more levies, but that is not the point here). txtI read that spamming temples is the way to go as Lay Clergy. So building a city for example isn't going to limit the stuff you can hold yourself, because there are other limitations way stricter than that. [Unfinished] I recreated 1936 HOI4 in CK3! Need feedback and suggestions. e. Castle Keepers +5 Defender Advantage per Castle Holding level +0. It also is nice for holding temples with special buildings such as Canterbury or Jerusalem. He will appoint an orthodox bishop, which will be the Pentarch of Rome. Various buildings in CK3, especially special buildings like Hagia Sophia etc. WKH1970 Private. Isle de France has one of each plus two empty holdings. Only affects temples in my domain. Go with temple. As I understand it, this is working as intended. You need a safety net budget for mercs (3-400 in first years), but for the rest every ducat must be invested. A Temple vassal max tax rate is 55%. Its great because I had already decided on playing as a tall Frisia for this play through. Don't forget to upgrade not only your castle to level 2 when you get the tech, as it's not super apparent the way building upgrades/slots are. You're going to want to start building up city and temple holdings and these cost 500 each. Knight Manager. I have found a "solution" to this bug. you can have the city raided, which gives it a 5% chance of being razed. Fortification Rights - Vassals pay 10% less Tax than their obligation demands, gain +1 Fort Level, -15% to Castle Buildings construction cost, and -50% to Castle Holding construction cost. Important_History_52. So Ive had control of the 5 counties (with 4 cities and one castle not controlled by me) in my home dutchy since almost the beginning of the game, and put the buildings that I wanted in the cities and figured that the mayors of the cities would upgrade them (temples make sense because there's like 20 of them that one dude controls so he definitely can't upgrade. That county has a temple with a tax of 1 gold and a levy of 300. There’s a. Controlling the duchy gives you the extra building and controlling all the counties avoids the vassal penalty. So the best counties to hold have more than 3 Holdings since you need to have a castle, a city and a temple and the rest can be castles for you to hold yourself. Cities = dev growth. NUDITY WARNING: Due to the way CK3's models work, in order for most of the changes the sliders make to be visible, the character must be nude. 5 month for independent ducal marriages, 11/month for independent kingdoms, and 2/month for 100 living members, totaling either 27 or 35. ago. A mosque is a Temple so it give your more income but less levies than a Castle. For example, if the primary holding of one of the counties in you demense is a castle (because you are a noble) you can grant your county title to a bishop in that county to make his cathedral the primary holding. −5% Temple Holding and Buildings Construction Time if Conscientious Scribe. I switched with 3k gold which in hindsight wasn't nearly enough. Also click on the "+" to show what is going to your other heirs. This costs 500 gold and erases all buildings, so you get a castle holding with nothing. How to build, upgrade and inspect them. Any mods, that dont add ch aracter interactions with index = 8. ck3 with notepad++. In the console commands, type "give_title b_ (BARONY NAME)" example: give_title b_terracina. (When your in the build ques actually click on where it says "1 Temple") Last edited by Horemvore ; Oct 1, 2020 @ 6:45am. 5x as much money as a city AND about 3x as many levies as a castle. 9. - Instructed the AI to adjust its court amenity spending in a more responsive mannerThere should be a little crown button with an arrow near the bottom left of the screen. I have a request/idea for you: There is a mod that is called "flexible holding types", and it allows you to. been playing ck3 a lot usually feudal counties and try to get an solid kingdom or if i feel like it empire. By default, each county's capital will be the castle, but since you now also own the temple directly, you can move that county's capital to the temple Convert back to a theocratic faith; you will still own the temple holding (which is now the capital of the county), but it won't give you any taxes/leviesCK3 wants you to control two duchies, as a king or above, and all of the county in those duchies*. 3 more GPM, but 150 less Levy. The count is a de jure vassal of the duke. Edit: ALL of my land (the land I started with in the tutorial) is Tribal despite my kingdom being feudal. [CK3] There should be an option to lower the fertility in game. Find the traditional capital province of that title. When a tribal vassal takes the Adopt Feudal Ways decision the game incorrectly grants city and temple holdings to all tribal counties in the liege's realm, instead of just in the holdings of the character that took the Adopt Feudal Ways Decision. You need. x version patches. Check the wiki but I usually keep mostly castles. Churches also got limits but only 2 layers, they also get 50% tax and 100% levies from other churches. especially if they are holy sites or got special mines. Try to change to the terrain map mode to see the relevant terrain types in Crusader Kings III. At the cost of -25 opinion and -75% levies. There isn't a console command, but there is an effect command to do so, so you would need to wrap it in an effect block. However in CK3 it seems to be a lot different. 88 Badges. But, you're only going to get a portion of that, and if the owner of that temple or city doesn't like you, you're not going to get much at all. This applied to every county. It actually tells in the tooltip that upgrading to castle will give you a city and a temple if there aren't any in the county and there is space for them in the empty slots. Holdings can be Castles, Cities, or Temples. As such, your first goal should be level 2 in all holdings before you upgrade any further. You may use this mod and the graphics in your mods for Crusader Kings 3. To do so, click on the temple holding and use a button next to its name ( see. However, it has one extra building slot, which should able to make more gold in the long run, right? So, what makes temples a better choice? Here’s a post from a week ago. Since temples leased to your Realm Priest give such good returns (50% tax/100% levies at 50 opinion) it's already a good investment to fill up your barony slots with them and get him started with. Note: If there is no castle in the county you have to build one. Are you asking if you can change a feudal baron to a city mayor to a temple priest? You can’t, as the type depends on the holding built (city vs castle vs temple). Report. every castle you hold counts against your demesne-limit. 2 - 250 years. . TheAmericanSwede • 8 yr. . You can probably look at the code used for it, and create either an event triggered by a decision or a building or something. 1 / +0. So yes, in general you can expect the county holder to get about 20% of the city's money and 50% of the temple's money (for temporal clergy). However the capital of the land I took is a temple!痕, the creator of Chinese headgear and clothing, who gave me permission to use his 3D chinese castle models Mr. 0 unless otherwise noted. Normally I go with any Dockyards I can build on my own castles along with whatever generates the most money (usually in the whole main Duchy, as long as you keep your succession clean you should be able to maintain all the holdings in a Duchy), then I start expanding the cities/chapels I own. . However the capital of the land I took is a temple! 痕, the creator of Chinese headgear and clothing, who gave me permission to use his 3D chinese castle models Mr. this land i took has 2 holdings one is a barony and that seems to be fine and dandy. With a castle, you can either hold it yourself or extort a truly unfair amount of tax and levies out of it. In CK3 there's a mod that allows you to convert holdings. Military buildings specialize in increasing your levy, strengthening stationed Men At Arms, or providing other military advantages. Military buildings specialize in increasing your levy, strengthening stationed Men At Arms, or providing other military advantages. Upvote 12. Make sure that you have the county in question be your primary religion or it will not work I believe. 8. add_number_to_name. 0 coins. With a city, though, you can get a sizeable boost to development per month. You can hold them no matter your religion, they buff your MAA Regiments, they make decent money and can also provide defensive bonuses. 1) You need to have an empty holding slot. 3. 5 tax/month; +125 levies; +150. "Click on the barony (blue scroll) you want to move to them look at the lower holding scroll. Your personal levy becomes pretty much irrelevant by the time you reach strong Duke/King size. The Frodbrokna was one such sign of the coming of a new age of troubles to them, and their temples have quickly turned the Taminiai into warriors once more. #9. You also have a vassal count who has one county with one temple as well. Oversimplified but it works. Even if the duke is also a member, you've reduced the total power of the faction: the count could raise his entire demesne levy but the duke can only raise a portion. If you are over your limit and you’re deciding between giving away temples and giving away whole counties, I’d usually pick the temples. 5 income per month, while a basic city yields . if the county doesn't already have a castle, temple, and city you can't build a second castle. ago. Tourney Grounds: The training area for the Tournament. The bug specifically overlooks the problem that buildings require a level of city/temple/castle building, and does not remove it. Duchy de jure capitals - the specific barony, not simply the county - are intended to be permanent, and there is no particular reason why one would be able to change the barony any more than the county for the de jure capital (because a different barony ISN'T the legal capital even if it is the de. 4 less gold. You can also own temples yourself, if you reform your religion with lay clergy, temporal revocation, and what have you. 5 renown per month depending on your start (867 or 1066 respectively). titanopteryx Feb 17 @ 5:21pm. TBH the faith creation is something they never should have added to the game. They're both great choices in different situations. Not a great solution for wanting to optimize 1 building I must admit. How to Change City/Castle/Temple that Appear for a Culture without Changing their Ethnic Appearance? So I have some extremely limited modding skill but with the release of Elder Kings' latest edition I find myself wanting to add more graphical flavour to the game. A fully upgraded castle a highest obligations and scutage gives you 0,975 gold. +Monthly dynasty prestige. A castle holding (albeit one with a unique building to simulate Constantinople's famous walls. In Ironman no, the only way. As the count if Paris, the county, you will have power on which one is the capital. Castles are a great way to extend your Demesne within the two duchy limit (like if you want an extra holding without getting a new County); on the other hand cities can pay a lot of money in taxes, would be better to build at least a couple of things in them to get them started, after that mayors will build new things and upgrades on their own. But, you're only going to get a portion of that, and if the owner of that temple or city doesn't like you, you're not going to get much at all. Cities will give you a bonus to gold and most importantly development, temples less gold, but will give piety. Also click on the "+" to show what is going to your other heirs. Kaneia's is 479, b_kandia is the first holding. settings file using a code editor, edit the folder paths and then save. The ones such as Tax +1. Pretty new to the game, but from what I understand, I believe that there are two scenarios here. There can only be one tribe in a province, but it gets +50% income and levy size for each empty slot in the province. Choose the ‘Move Realm Capital here’ option (it’s the small crown next to the county’s. It is around level 3-4 of 8 I think, might be nine. Obviously, nothing beats a directly held Castle for resources, but barring that, and indirectly held church comes pretty close. It will open a window with 3 tabs. First, players must select a holding that they'd like to move the capital to, whether they've declared war in CK3 to conquer it, or they inherited it from their. That's awesome. The game is already too easy as it is. Vassals won't join a faction if they have a non-aggression pact with you, so it may be time to get some marriages. In Ironman no, the only way. Hey, I am playing as the byzantine Empire and I finaly have enough prestige to reform the greek culture, but I don't know if I should pick City Keepers or Castle Keepers. Yep saw it. That's not possible. I removed this and it did add the building on taking the decision, so if you want to fix it that works. You need to ensure your army is larger than the castle's garrison, but I doubt that's the problem here from your description. Created by Bobby the Autistic Ferret. Please explain how to reproduce the issueYep. So the real choice now is: also I think granting a country with castle capital to a republic baron should make him a feudal ruler, currently he remain a republic ruler even his primary title is a castle holding. When you had the builds needed, stone hillfort that is. ; About CK3 Wiki; Mobile viewTo setup CK3 for the exporter, open the clausewitz. when you select a county theres a button beside the rename that's like a move capital or something along those lines. However, the return on investment went down the later on the upgrade was. There isn't a console command, but there is an effect command to do so, so you would need to wrap it in an effect block. Then save gamestate. Plus some percentage increase to your MaA efficiency and 10% increase in efficiency of the rest of the knights. U can't build other types of baronies before u build temple. [level name]Transferring a count can please a duke. Content is available under Attribution-ShareAlike 3. { #the requirements for the building to be constructed. FreyaOystea • 1 yr. I tried to build a city but it says: County of Anjou has a Tribal holding. also, bishops are full of cash, so just. The holding type defaults to a castle, but can change to a city or temple if you make the existing mayor or Bishop the count I think you can get it to revert back to the castle by revoking the mayor title (if a city is the primary holding) or revoking the bishop title (if temple is primary holding) leaving just the count title A location that's ideal for a castle might not make a very good bishopric and so on. Used to think it's good, but yeah, some things are frustrating. workaround: get a culture that allows raiding, turn raiders on, grant the county to someone else, revoke it and raid that holding again and again. Please explain how to reproduce the issue From the save file provided, change character to ID. Building them anywhere else = a big "no"! 2) Don't remember math between city and temple, so I'm simply gonna with cities usually :) #1. A temple gets you more piety. To upgrade a main building, players should click on the larger box above the building slots that says "Castle," "Temple," "City," or "Tribal Hold. it's weird cause Denmark has the aesthetic for the throne room i want but we both have the same architectural style. • 1 yr. . Your choices are of course based on your goals for the run. A Temple vassal max tax rate is 55%. You can probably look at the code used for it, and create either an event triggered by a decision or a building or something. Thanks man. This page was last edited on 13 October 2021, at 22:46. Beyond that development the empty spaces is a great way to increase your cash and levies without conquering out territory. They have this castle in Dublin and 2 other sites. Castles are a great way to extend your Demesne within the two duchy limit (like if you want an extra holding without getting a new County); on the other hand cities can pay a lot of money in taxes, would be better to build at least a couple of things in them to get them started, after that mayors. It further points you to wanting to control provinces with special buildings. Today is the release of Fate of Iberia, and with it the free 1. The most popular opinion among experienced gamers is that temples are the best holdings in CK3. Lay Clergy Enables the Court Chaplain council position; 600 if Theocratic; 200 if Lay Clergy; NoneThe following chains are the “Special buildings” chains. The proper way to found orders is to create a situation where you temporarily own a county with a city - or better, castle - outside of your own domain. You have to make the castle holding the county seatto whatever. (You get better at meditating the more you do it successfully. The Tower of London is a castle that serves as both a vital fortification and a prison. The city is held by a baron. Lay clergy means that feudal and clan vassals can hold temples by themselves. 0. Normally I go with any Dockyards I can build on my own castles along with whatever generates the most money (usually in the whole main Duchy, as long as you keep your succession clean you should be able to maintain all the holdings in a Duchy), then I start expanding the cities/chapels I own. 2g/year in order to break even, assuming max tax rates. Compatibility with vanilla CK3 v1. If you've run out of temple holdings to give away, give away counties not in your two held duchies. after having built a new temple appoint one). It will open a window with 3 tabs. "Characters actually have a Dread value, so you can sort of keep. Upgrading a feudal/clan holding to level 3 requires 700 gold. 3 System - bug is non-system related Platform - Steam Mods - none Severity - Major, all Tribal Holdings useless Description - According to the wiki: 'If a Feudal or Clan ruler owns a Tribe it will gain no taxes or levies from but will have the option to turn it into a Castle at the cost of 500 Gold. All terrains have the same building options, which give the same amount of money and levies to any holding type. Castles help give levies and protect your counties, so if you have strong neighbors and want to guard that county then build a castle. Because you hold temple holdings directly and castles provide more levies and make capturing a province harder. So to change the Vatican to a castle you can use (for the Grand Temple), just type set_holding_type = castle_holding (or copy it from this post). I especially like the Metsänvartija cultural men at arms, since they're more powerful than your basic archers and have pursuit and screen. I've looked in the decision menu, and cannot find a revoke option (see screenshot). You can press the parse button to make sure it's working okay first, it will have a yellow exclamation you can point to that will tell you "Makes Vaticano a Castle Holding". Each Holding gets a number of building slots with. City and temple vassal give a lot of tax income, while castle vassals give very little. when you select a county theres a button beside the rename that's like a move capital or something along those lines. Convert to a faith with Lay Clergy. Crusader Kings is a historical grand strategy / RPG game series for PC, Mac, Linux, PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X|S developed & published by Paradox Development Studio. [deleted] •. G. [amount] [faith id] change_fervor 100 catholic change_house_unity_stage Sets house unity to [level name]. Typically you only ever want 1 temple per county. The buildings which provide "troops" only increase your amount of levys; and levys are ♥♥♥♥ in CK3; now Knights (a sort of hero-type special troop, scarce in numbers) and "men at arms" (restyled retinues) are the thing. Yeah I know, but my counties are empty and I don't have an option to build tribe holdings even though I got the innovation. Then make sure to upgrade your other baronies to level 2 Cities/Temples - this is a huge bonus that often requires a significant investment for a Mayor/Bishop. If the county's capital is a temple, you own it. Guilds. workaround: get a culture that allows raiding, turn raiders on, grant the county to someone else, revoke it and raid that holding again and again. ago. An event popped up saying that I had a great new idea and a decision was unlocked that allowed me to insta-build this thing. If you take "Found holy order" decision and select that exact barony, the neely created holy order will immediately get destroyed and you will be able to revoke the barony from the catholic holy order. Ivan Kyoshiro Feb 18, 2015 @ 9:42pm. A city holding. As I said, it's 1 tribe per county. Report. Use marriage, diplomacy and war to increase your power and prestige in a. Buildings can also be converted into another building at full price cost with the new building starting always as level 1. Also have that Chinese guy reducing the cost even further. Does anyone know any solution to this? If you own both the barony and the temple holding you can make the barony the county capital and then select the temple holding and use the "grant to low noble" button, I believe? Exactly. If you had a city and a castle in the county, the first city has become the main barony of the county. The holding type defaults to a castle, but can change to a city or temple if you make the existing mayor or Bishop the count I think you can get it to revert back to the castle by revoking the mayor title (if a city is the primary holding) or revoking the bishop title (if temple is primary holding) leaving just the count titlethe idea is: temples and cities pay you taxes, generally even comparable to a castle you own directly (at least later in the game). Okay well that's that playthroug then. Im forming the duchy of Champagne, and boom the capital barony is a temple only for priests. The folder paths for CK3 are as follows:. Already resolved the situation in other ways and only found the button to move my primary title to that county. As you can see, level 2 pays of faster than level 1, but more slowly than level 3. Open comment sort options. Go look up the paradox CK3 wiki and click on the "army" section. What he wants is to turn a castle into a city. click on the 3rd tab, and it will show what your primary heir stands to inherit at this moment in time (it can change). You can't replace who is running your temples if you don't like them. So, from my point of view, replacing a temple or a city to build a castle, would only mean that you have destroyed some core economic buildings in the case of the city or a temple on the case. Holy Order: Holy Order titleCastle: 800: 5 years +0. Should I be upgrading these too? Or will my vassals just save up money and upgrade them? I assume it comes back to me anyways because of taxes, right? I should note that my income seems very good for the state of the. Default 10. ; About CK3 Wiki; Mobile viewMeditate in Seclusion is a free, relatively-short-cooldown way to burn off a little bit of stress. Search for the ID. −10% Temple Holding and. Crusader Kings III. U can change "city_02" to "castle_02" and it will change to castle holding. -Different faith opinion. Open the gamestate. . So really, nothing changes from before. I found out that also Priscillianism, dualist faith, have Cairo as a Holy Site and they also can build there. ♥♥♥♥♥♥ up. Theology focus increases the opinion of your religious vassals, so the more you have compared to Mayors or Barons, the happier they will be. Swampos • Bohemia • 5 yr. Select the barony. Change succession to Tanistry. W. Content is available under Attribution-ShareAlike 3. This page was last edited on 13 October 2021, at 22:46. Click on the Achievement Dropdown Button and go to the selection called Landed Titles. Gives +Men at arms cap. I never quite understand how they decide which holdings are more prosperous though. It is good to remember that holding. Please explain how to reproduce the issue I can't not reproduce it lol!IMO temples, temple holding gives 50% gold 100% levies if the realmpriest likes you and doesn't take up a realmsize slot. 3/month Development Growth in their Capital. #9. As their Liege you suffer +5% Castle Buildings construction cost. 2; Reactions: Reply. Note that some of the unit counters are incorrect. ; About CK3 Wiki; Mobile view There are already mechanics for destroying holdings, for raids. 1) Play as Merchant Republic, which has "city" as a dominant holding. Yep! Figured it. You can switch from Tribal to Feudal in CK3 by entering the decisions menu and meeting the following requirements at any time. So, in your opinion, which is the better option; the direct profit of the castle, or the passive yet significant bonus of the city? 2. Temple: A calm place. 1/month. Damn, must've missed it. Theology focus increases the opinion of your religious vassals, so the more you have compared to Mayors or Barons, the happier they will be. Meet the other Contestants or sabotage them. Village: The closest settlement. But yes it should be possible at least in some form. ck3 with notepad++. You can't build a 2nd castle until you have 1 of each in a county. Temple holdings must be leased; 200 if Theocratic; 600 if Lay Clergy; Temporal Head of Faith Only sanctioned priests can be entrusted with upholding our faith's doctrines and, by extension, with managing and caring for our sacred places. Oversimplified but it works. so example: you own a castle in 5 provinces, in those 5 provinces you have 2 temples and 2 cities each paying you taxes. Buildings are an excellent source of troops and coins. For those who don't know, becoming max rank in a religious society reduces the build cost if temples by 50% of it's base value. Several prototype systems that were planned for this patch have been delayed in order to get the 1. Let's your vassals upgrade their own buildings. Read The Full Guide: Kings 3 Royal Edition @ Gaming Deals @ It used to be a feature before, but «replace» button is gone in 1. In this picture it's directly to the right of the blue crown, which is also to the right of the info panel that appears after clicking the holding. I can't upgrade to a castle? What does this even mean? Are you building any other holdings in that county? allow = { location = { religion = FROM } has_building = tb_hillfort_4 has_settlement_construction = no }My religion have a realm priest that is leasing all the temples in my demesne, and when I conquest new counties the temple will automatically lease…The importance is the physical temple and the location. Building a castle town 1 gave +2 gold per year at a cost of 100 gold. I've made a few threads here lately and you guys have been a huge help! I notice that I'm only allowed to own castle holdings while Cities and Temples are controlled by a Vassal.